• Identifying different types of cybersecurity threats and attacks, such as viruses, malware, phishing, social engineering, and advanced persistent threats (APTs)
• Understanding the techniques used for exploiting vulnerabilities in systems and networks, including common attack vectors
• Analysing potential indicators of compromise and determining the types of malware and their impact on systems

•  Utilising security technologies and tools such as firewalls, VPNs, IDS/IPS, and encryption to protect network and information systems
• Implementing secure network architecture concepts and systems design to mitigate risks and vulnerabilities
• Applying security configurations to network, application, and endpoint devices

• Applying fundamental principles of security architecture and design to develop secure information systems and networks
• Understanding the importance of security frameworks, policies, and best practices in establishing a secure organisational environment
• Incorporating cloud, virtualisation, and mobile security considerations into organisational security planning

• Managing identity and access control mechanisms to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information
• Implementing effective authentication, authorisation, and accounting practices to safeguard against unauthorised access
• Understanding biometric systems, multifactor authentication, and the principles of least privilege and need-to-know access

• Identifying and analysing risks to organisational security and applying appropriate risk management strategies
• Understanding compliance regulations, legal requirements, and privacy laws that impact organisational security policies and procedures
• Developing and implementing policies and procedures for data security, incident response, and disaster recovery

• Understanding the principles of cryptography and its applications in securing data in transit, at rest, and in use
• Understanding cryptographic algorithms, key management practices, and common cryptographic attacks
• Applying digital signatures, hashing algorithms, and steganography for data integrity and authentication